The English Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The English Reformation - Essay Example This passage will inspect the job of Martin Luther in the renewal of Western Civilization. Church has been ruling power in Western Civilization and over the timeframe, it expected the focal job across various Regions in light of the Catholic larger part. What is, nonetheless, basic to take note of that numerous individuals really considered Pope and Church engaged with the common issues and diverting from the first command of the equivalent. Martin Luther was the individual who essentially required the reconstruction of the Catholic Church and set the establishment for Protestant development. By introducing his 95 proposals he required the full changes of the Church and put forward the chain response which really guaranteed individual flexibility and demonstrated as a move towards progressively liberal and open society in Western development. (Mullett) This will talk about the job of John Calvin in the transformation of the Western Civilization and how his religious philosophy tested the Catholic Church. John Calvin assumed even a greater job in the renewal procedure and his accomplishments are considered as far and away superior to that of Martin Luther. Most likely his most noteworthy accomplishment as far as the Reformation was further hardening of Protestant philosophy and the thriving of the Protestant houses of worship across Europe. In spite of the fact that he and Luther had a similar philosophy, notwithstanding, his impact in Germany demonstrated as one of the main factors as far as the spread of Protestantism over the area. The introduction of Puritans, in this manner, demonstrated as an imperative advancement which tested the situation of the built up Catholic Church and delegated their own pastors without answering to the Church. Calvin, in this way, was instrumental in establishing what is currently called Calvinism and was a significant figure in reformation.â

The evaluation of adults returning to learning. Essay Example for Free

The assessment of grown-ups coming back to learning. Paper There are numerous favorable circumstances to coming back to learning as a grown-up, which at last empowers the individual fulfilled in numerous positive perspectives. In any case, among the focal points, it is exceptionally most likely understandable that a grown-up understudy will confront detriments to coming back to learning as a grown-up. There is nothing of the sort as a run of the mill grown-up understudy, thus everybody is special. In any case, it is conceivable to plan conceptualize a wide comprehension of the supporting contentions and contradicting contentions viewing coming back to learning as a grown-up. Finishing a scholastic course is gainful to everybody, paying little mind to age, it awards them a proper capability formal acknowledgment of their accomplishments, which would then be able to be introduced as evidence or influence or basically kept as an individual accomplishment, on the grounds that winning a capability can be fulfilling inside its own right, building confidence and certainty. One of the disservices to coming back to learning as a grown-up is that grown-up understudies seem, by all accounts, to be less sure about a scholastic situation contradicted to customary matured understudies, as per a July FOXbusiness article. This is because of a scholarly situation being new to most non-customary matured grown-up understudies, most grown-ups have been missing from instruction for a long time, compared to conventional ages understudies, 18 or above, who have entered school or college directly from A-levels. Numerous grown-up, non-conventional understudies experience dread or inconvenience inside the study hall because of feeling insufficient in spite of being increasingly roused to acquire a degree contrasted with customary matured understudies (grown-up understudies are less diverted restricted to more youthful understudies - theyve effectively fulfilled their imprudent desires inside in their childhood grown-ups a bound to value the part of instruction more so than more youthful understudies) , as indicated by the insights in the July FOXbusiness article. One could see this as disadvantageous, be that as it may, it is increasingly consistent to see this as an open door instead of an impediment. Coming back to training as a grown-up empowers a chance to become familiar with a standout bit of expertise, certainty. Numerous grown-ups who come back to learning have lost their certainty because of the negative discernments they have of themselves, in any case, considering will create and upgrade ones certainty, aptitudes and capabilities. Examining bestow’s upon the grown-up the capacity to adjust to new social circumstances and the chance to confide in your own capacities, therefore, to enjoy inside the self-conviction that originates from finishing a course effectively, which is invaluable. Among different points of interest, making new companions isnt a prime purpose behind enlisting upon a course, yet numerous grown-ups welcome this to sweeten the deal even further. Connected to the picking up the significance of certainty, finding new individuals who are in a comparative circumstance with shared interests is a viable way, of a grown-up who may have negative impression of oneself, of understanding that their general surroundings isnt as estranging as they see, thus, coming back to instruction as a grown-up presents a chance to get yourself, which is positively profitable. Other than that, coming back to learning as a grown-up has a useful preferred position. It can expand profession prospects and acquiring potential. Regardless of late troubles looked by graduates and school-leavers, it remains the case that individuals with scholastic or professional capabilities are bound to be utilized. Grown-ups especially locate that coming back to instruction builds their chance decisions with respect to vocation. Additionally, complying with national measurements, in 2001, look into directed by LSE found that by increasing a degree a lady can gain up to 26% in excess of a lady who doesn't proceed with her instruction past A LEVELS. A man can procure about 23% more by finishing a degree course. Another favorable position for grown-ups who are coming back to learning is that instruction for some is a way to get away from the recognizable schedules that they focus on. Numerous grown-ups might be despondent or maybe numerous grown-ups may be experience the feeling of being unfulfilled in their working or social conditions. These negative feelings, lead to undesirable activities, for example, connections being influenced contrarily with others. Then again, when an individual is upbeat inclination satisfied, connections improve. A few grown-ups find that misery or worry at work prompts contentions at home. When training has been utilized as a way to get away from this despondent workplace, the contentions reduce or vanish totally. Grown-ups find additionally that associations with their youngsters improve †they feel a greater amount of a proclivity with their kids, understanding the anxieties and strains which are puts on them inside the instruction framework. In this way, coming back to learning as a grown-up is beneficial in regards to the improvement of connections through elevating the impression of ones self-esteem and therefor, feeling satisfied. Actually in any case, coming back to instruction has the ability to contrarily influence connections. Coming back to class as a grown-up requires shuffling class plans with family life, work and other individual responsibilities. Develop understudies articulate worries about discovering enough time for relatives and how to manage an accomplice who may not welcome the thought, as indicated by Deborah Neuheisel, a grown-up understudy guide for the University of Wisconsin-Barron County. One basic inconvenience to coming back to learning as a grown-up are the money related confinements. A grown-up may have obligations that ordinary matured understudies probably won't have, for example, bills or maybe a family to accommodate. Be that as it may, the test of finding satisfactory assets to subsidize an advanced degree gives solid inspiration to complete the exertion. Accordingly, grown-up understudies are bound to comprehend the estimation of instruction and better situated to concentrate on what they need to realize. Moreover, there are wellsprings of government financing that a grown-up understudy is qualified for, for example, awards and bursaries. At last, it is generally profitable to come back to a scholastic domain as a grown-up, whenever required, it will flexibly one with a proper affirmation of accomplishment which can be utilized to expand vocation prospects however among every single other capacity, it empowers one the chance to invigorate the cerebrum, occupy from ordinary daily practice, be given a voice and chance to put their contemplations and qualities forward the chance to move be roused.

Compare Mobile Phone Recycling Prices Online

Compare Mobile Phone Recycling Prices Online Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Compare Mobile Phone Recycling Prices OnlineUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : WebsitesShort URL : http://hbb.me/1sFibIG CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYou might have brought a new handset, maybe a brand new iPhone or something and most probably your old mobile would have been lying around.Maybe you just want to get rid of your old mobile phone. Let it be any reason. But rather than just throwing it away, you can better recycle it and get some bucks. Great isnt it?Then you can try RecycleMobilePhones.co.uk. There you can get yourself the best mobile phone recycling deal online. By using their price comparison tables you will find the best price for your old mobile phone.All you need to do is just pick the best price! You can search via phone manufacturer or enter the make and model of the phone into the search form.Recycle Mobile Phones OnlineWhy you should try this site?Almost all of the top mobile phone recycling companies are compared here, which is why they are so confident you will get the best price when you use their comparison tables to recycle mobile phones.You can expect to see top named recyclers that allow you to sell mobile phone handsets and recycle a phone with them.Recycle a mobile phone is a very green way of disposing of your phone (as it avoids contamination in landfills) and avoids the unnecessary clutter in your house, as well as freeing up some extra money to help you have fun, or do with as you please.READCheck Username Availability At Various Social Networking SitesIf you have thought about recycling your old mobile phone then Mazuma Mobile will offer you cash for your trade in, direct to your bank account. Simply use the tables on their site and enter the type of phone you have along with its model number and then you will see how much Mazuma Mobile will give you for your old mobile phone.

Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger Essay

One of the purist times in a person’s life is childhood, during this time life is easy and often romanticized. As a person grows older the innocence and naivety of childhood begins to fade into a hardness caused by the harsh realties of adulthood. Though the transition from childhood is hard, one most remember not to rush into adulthood savor your innocence . In Catcher In the Rye , by J.D. Salinger the main character Holden Caulfield is in the transitional stage, he finds it hard for him to grow-up and act like an adult. So instead of rushing in to adulthood, he finds slowing down the process and acting less adult like is better for him. Holden finds mature adult like subjects and qualities phony, but finds innocent child like subjects†¦show more content†¦But the two youngest members of the family are the main recipients of his praise and joy. When he talked about his brother Allie that passed away it is always good. The quote that sums up his feelings towards Al lies is, â€Å"he was a nice kid.†(Salinger 38) He relies on Allie when he has a problem or needs to think things through. When he was contemplating his leave and walking to give Phoebe her letter he talked to the ghost of Allie. The other sibling is Phoebe, Phoebe seem to be the apple of his eye. When he thought about leaving he only wanted and needed to say good-bye to Phoebe and no one else. The way he talks about D.B. is very different then the way he rants on about his younger siblings, he never talks bad or factious about D.B. he just doesn’t praise him as much. He views D.B. As phony and a Hollywood sellout. In many aspects the siblings are the same the only difference is their age and innocence level. He adores and admires the more innocent younger siblings, while he views the oldest one as being a fake. This just proves that Salinger thinks innocence’s should be captured and cherished. Holden seem to be weird and indifferent when it comes to females an d sexual relationships. He has a made-up sex life when in actuality he has yet to do anything. When the prostitute came to his room he chickens out byShow MoreRelatedThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger follows the endeavours of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy who faces a point in his life where he must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. In an attempt to retain his own childhood, he begins hoping to stop other young children from growing up and losing their innocence as well. As indicated by the title, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† is a book that explores a theme involving the preservation of innocence, especially of childrenRead More Innocence In The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger Essay examples1412 Words   |  6 Pages In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher In The Rye, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy, transitions from childhood to adulthood. The death of Holden’s little brother signifies the beginning his loss of innocence and growth of maturity. As he enters adulthood, Holden views society differently from his peers by characterizing most of his peers and adults he meets as â€Å"phonies.† Thus, Holden takes the impossible challenge of preserving the innocence in children because he wants to prevent childrenRead MoreChildhood Innocence is Everything in Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger770 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone’s mother always told them that childhood innocence is the best thing in the world, but for Holden it is the world. When reading The Catcher in the Rye some people disdain Holden, because they think he’s cynical and immature, but really he is a representation of us all. Unlike other books, the protagonist isn’t someone you want to be fr iends with, it’s someone you realize you are. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is Holden’s chronicle of running away from his boarding school and livingRead MorePreserving Innocence in J.D. Salinger ´s The Catcher in the Rye738 Words   |  3 Pagesemotional phase that everyone has to experience. Our innocence is like a mask that blinds us from perceiving life as it really is. As we grow up, we lose our sense of innocence and begin to see the world differently. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a teenage boy who fears maturity for himself and the children around him. The theme of innocence is found throughout the novel, as Holden struggles to protect the innocence of children from the superficiality and shallownessRead MoreHolden Caulfield ´s Innocence and Purity in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger850 Words   |  4 PagesIn a society filled with impureness, Holden Caulfield searches for purity and innocence in everyone around him. Lonely, affectionate, and judgmental, Holden is the narrator and protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye. His actions and the way he acts reveals that Holden is very lonely, and is longing for human companionship. Holden is somewhat mature above his age, but still desires pleasures like any other teenage boy. After meeting people, Holden becomes very judgemental about the way people act.Read MoreCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead More The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Webster’s dictionary defines innocence as, â€Å"Freedom from harmfulness; inoffensiveness.† Although this definition is the one which is most commonly used, many authors tend to twist or stretch the meaning in order to fit the material to which it applies. For example, the way J.D Salinger applies innocence to his work is quite different from the way Mark Twain uses innocence. Innocence also change s accordingly with the time period. The definition of innocence is dynamic with respect to author andRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesJ.D. Salinger was an American author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from hisRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead More salinger Essay843 Words   |  4 Pages LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY OF J.D. SALINGER J.D. Salinger is one of the most renowned writers of his time. J. D. Salinger is most known for his controversial in the Catcher in the Rye. Salinger is also known for many of his writings such as Franney and Zooey, Nine Stories, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. The summer of 1930 he was voted â€Å"The Most Popular Writer†. â€Å"Salinger is a beautifully deft, professional who gives us a chance to catch quick, half-amused, half-frightened glimpses of

How Power Relations Influence The Growth Of The Renewable...

Compare and contrast how power relations influence the growth of the renewable energy industry. Student Name : Student Number : Executive Summary This concise report summarizes the present analysis and important issues and provides better recommendation. In this report I have discussed the short and long term benefits and risks for the renewable energy industry. I have considered public education that allows noise levels and visual amenity to encourage establishment wind farms and other sources of renewable energy. And also a national system of feed-in tariff rates for all forms of renewable and sustainable energy in a policy setting that encourages community power schemes, small and medium businesses, and other†¦show more content†¦Development option 1 The major outlook for this approach is considering increasing public education with proper guidelines that allows noise level and visual amenity to hearten the establishment. The wind farms can be found and other sources of renewable energy like solar thermal and biomass generation, on privately owned land. The report summarized the basis difficulty for the development of solar technologies in base-load power supply. The power can be generated in different places and it’s efficiently distant from the major population centers. Australia’s future renewable energy generation plants are cited in the outback and use solar energy. It’s not strictly a ‘renewable’ energy resource is united heat and power (CHP) technology, which fuel cells should represent an significant part of Australia’s energy future. A very large natural gas resource in Australia is geothermal energy which receives support from the Australian Government’s $500 million. Further people are committed to assist geothermal developers accomplish the high straight exploration costs and drilling. Development option 2 Further it’s considered integrating high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology to transmit energy from the renewable energy production sites to cities. It provides the better HVDC system with efficient intercity links to allow for energy exchange as demand varies. The various governments’ initiates the future development of Australia’s

The Tactics Used by the U.S and the N.L.F in the Vietnam...

The Tactics Used by the U.S and the N.L.F in the Vietnam War During the Vietnam War, the United States took a completely different approach than the National Liberation Front (NLF) when it came to tactics. America was more modern in their attacks, using their air force and heavily armed ground troops. Whereas the NLF only had guerrilla fighters, who stayed on the ground and attacked quickly. The first tactic involved the US air force strategically bombing North Vietnamese targets. This included bombing army bases, bridges, railways and factories, even though North Vietnam didnt have many factories to bomb. US panes were flying 164 flying missions a day on average in early 1966. Bombs often†¦show more content†¦They did this by dropping chemical bombs that defoliated the vast amount of trees. This chemical became known as Agent Orange. This now meant that American helicopters were able to spot the enemy more easily. Although Agent Orange worked, it did effect the Vietnamese people. One effect of this chemical was that it caused cancer amongst those who used it or were affected it. It also had an effect on pregnant woman who ended up giving birth to seriously deformed children or stillborns. The war also had many psychological effects. The North Vietnamese used this as propaganda against the Americans, suggesting that they had done it deliberately to harm innocent people. But aside from this, the Americans were still struggling to have a clear view of the enemy. Because of this, they introduced another chemical bomb - Napalm. Napalm is a thick liquid, which usually contains petrol and is used in firebombs and flame-throwers. It cleared the undergrowth, which gave the US more chance of being able to spot the Vietcong from the air. Although, there was one major problem. Napalm also sticks to human skin, and gradually burns away the flesh. The Americans simply dropped it on forest, possibly forgetting that innocent peoples lives were at risk. Unsurprisingly, people were hurt- killed. In December 1966, the North Vietnamese finally permitted an American journalist to visit

Representation of Women in Cinema Essay Sample free essay sample

The individuality of a individual is unstable and constituted by political orientations stemming from many setups. One such setup is cinema. Political orientations emanating from it subsume us consciously or unconsciously. This assignment will highlight the function of film in the building of female. feminine and womens rightist. Since the start of film in 1896. the functions work forces and adult females play in movies have been subjected to a uninterrupted rating. mostly due to their widely acknowledged and felt influence on our manners of life. The stereotyped representation of adult females has been displayed in film for many decennaries. The representation. either it is through film or through texts. takes into history a broad assortment of cultural phenomena. philosophical positions. and ideological setups which try to concatenation the individuality of a peculiar individual in hobbles. Griselda Pollock argues that we should non stay content merely with the cultural representat ions of gender as images of adult females. She rejects the imagination of gender and cultural stereotyping because it fails to explicate the failure of inversion or reversal of recognized imagination. This is non merely because the representation of adult females is linked to a broader concatenation. or system. of meaning. It besides occurs because representation is linked to a historically constituted world. To set it merely. we can understand why female theoretical accounts ought to be more persuasive to male clients than frailty versa merely if we take into history. a anterior commodification of a woman’s organic structure. In the epoch of 1970’s and 80’s as it has continued since the start of film. the functions of adult females in the Indian movies were functioning fundamentally to men’s desires. By back uping this statement Lopa Bhattarchya says in her essay â€Å"The Changing Face of Women in Indian Cinema† that the 70’s. 80’s and 90’s witnessed a terrible degeneracy in the portraiture of the heroine in mainstream Indian film. Further. she argues that it was so that the female supporter was reduced to heroine. implying the image of mere glamour-dolls. dancing around trees with heroes and executing cabaret Numberss. This manner. she was projected as a show-piece or in other words. as a feel good touch to the movie. instead than being a flesh and blood human being in her ain right. Rarely will a individual deny that the Bollywood screenland has been basically male-centric. go forthing small infinite for the female opposite numbers to germinate and turn as various performing artists. The functions they played were largely of the Sati savitri mold. missing assortment and deepness of female mind. The political relations behind the appropriation of representation is to organize a fix individuality of adult females but in the defence of it critics argue that by portraying a individual in his /her conventional image or a group of people with identifiable features. film makers present the characters with which viewing audiences can easy acknowledge and associate to. Critics argue that movie mirrors the society and its values but the major concern here is that it non merely portrays but besides determines and supports certain value systems at the cost of excepting certain others. Through the movies an creative person shows attitudes and behaviors of a individual and th ereby configures a manner of life that is considered ideal. The representation of adult female with her feminity is a really tragic thing. A girl kid follows the order of her male parent or elder brother and after acquiring married she follows the order of her hubby. such function is romanticized and idealized in a manner that occupies the head of most of the people and forces a miss kid to follow those things volitionally or unwillingly which barely affairs. When a female character does non conform to the imposed individuality of an ideal adult female. she is portrayed as an evil-spirit. Masculinity is portrayed as natural and given despite assorted societal incompatibilities of the male function in society. An ideal adult female in the 1950ss was expected to be the ultimate housewife. Films still perpetuate established gender functions because they reflect the dominant patriarchal ideals. efficaciously reenforcing the internalisation of male constructed functions. In the capitalistic epoch. the sea alteration in the socio-economic and political construction transformed the head of the creative persons and they stopped stand foring adult females as meek and submissive. However. the gender functions in modern popular film contrast significantly to traditional functions. as society is acknowledging the importance of female emancipation. They present a new individuality of adult females. seeking to re-figure the feminity in popular film. In such movies new subjectivenesss of adult females are being fashioned. this being possibly a cardinal component in their successful entreaty to younger coevals. In the same mention. Tejswani Niranjana contends in her essay â€Å"Nationalism Refigured: Contemporary South Indian Cinema and the Subject of Feminism† that this new feminity holds the promise of a modernness without the hazards of feminism or feminist political relations. which are often ridiculed in the media. and sometimes vilified as imitativ e of western aberrances. The function of Geetanjali. a character in the film called Geetanjali who has been portrayed as dare and aggressive adult female. manifests a woman’s high liquors and sense of temper which was losing in the older film. It is non merely a displacement and new tendency. which is building new individuality of a adult female in popular film but besides attacks the colored political orientations and representations. In many south Indian movies. the urban strain heroines are progressively bedecked in north Indian cultural fabrics. Niranjana argues that alternatively of being through her apparels ( lehnga-chunari or saree ) the carrier of regional specificity. the movie heroine is now marked as Indian like present twenty-four hours urban immature adult female themselves. through her Rajasthani-Gujarati dress. The ocular imagination provided by mass media for our private phantasies therefore include images of the new adult female. In a perceptive essay â€Å"Beaming Messages to the n ation† . Ashish Rajadhyaksha discusses the urges behind what he classes as the new definition of indigenism. Rajadhyaksha suggests that since geographically defined regional individualities are closely linked to geographically defined markets. the internalisation of markets evidently demands the formation of new individualities. Mass media. particularly Television and popular film. have contributed in of import ways to the imagination of new indigenism. an indigenism that takes up elements from diverse and anthropologised common people traditions and unite them into an reliable and dateless Indian. There is no uncertainty that the representation of adult female has changed but tragically plenty. feminity is still being attached with modernness. In other words film makers are stand foring them as a ‘new woman’ but the job of domesticity must be taken attention of. Their insouciant apparels and self-generated gesture represent them as liberated but transporting at the same time a dual load. For illustration in the film Roja. we see Roja. adult female character of the film scripte d in assorted functions e. g. sometimes being accompanied by her younger sister. driving a tractor. playing buffooneries upon the old villagers. dressing up in men’s apparels. have oning a graduate’s convocation robes. or running through Fieldss and treading the deep-rooted seedlings. It decidedly represents the function of a new adult female but at the same clip after acquiring married Roja serves to her hubby and therefore inking the function of a submissive homemaker. The early liberty and assertiveness shown by Roja before matrimony all but disappears in the sober adult female who attempts to win back her husband’s life. and whose bureau really comes to naught. So the adult females still do non relieve from prolonging the image of strictly feminine. Geeta and Roja like adult females whose articulation has been made possible by the women’s motion which has created a certain infinite for adult females and helped them convey a new visibleness. although they are recuperated into the very spectacularization that some womens rightists might dispute. Interestingly Niranjana points out that Roja’s high liquors. like Geetanjali’s. look to be made possible by the freedom of the heroine from existent work so that their assertiveness is non a portion of their interaction in a state of affairs at workplace. What she besides says is that earlier commercial film excessively portrayed the frolicking heroines as exempted from the irres istible impulses of mundane life. This freedom from work helps in incorporating the heroines’ assertiveness. featherbeding her to look cunning and attractive instead than endangering. After analysing the function of film. how does it represents the individuality of a peculiar individual. or the representation of peculiar civilization or ethnicity. there would non be any uncertainty by doing the point that it constitutes the subjectiveness of a individual and concepts political orientations. It would non be an unfairness to claim that it supports helps in prolonging the hierarchies constructed by patriarchate. Bibliography Bhattarchya. Lopa. â€Å"The Changing Faces of Women in Indian Cinema. † Madhava Prasad â€Å"The Aesthetic of Mobilization† in Ideology of the Hindi Film: A Historical Construction. Barret. Michele. Women’s Oppression Today: The Marxist/Feminist Encounter. London: Verso. 1980. Niranjana. Tejswani. â€Å"The Subject of Feminism: South Indian Cinema. † Pollock. Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity. Feminism. and Histories of Art. London: Routledge. New York Methuen. 1987 Print. Rajadhyaksha. Ashish. â€Å"Beaming Messages Goes to the Nation† . Journal of Arts and Ideas no. 19 ( 1990 )

Analysis of Invitation Cards for Attending Wedding Ceremonies in the Jordanian Society Essay Example

Analysis of Invitation Cards for Attending Wedding Ceremonies in the Jordanian Society Essay Example Analysis of Invitation Cards for Attending Wedding Ceremonies in the Jordanian Society Essay Analysis of Invitation Cards for Attending Wedding Ceremonies in the Jordanian Society Essay The data are elicited through a questionnaire that consists of twenty five items compiled from invitation cards for both Muslims and Christians. The findings of the study show that the form of the invitation cards in Islam and Christianity in the Jordanian society is systematic and influenced by social, economic, and religious factors. Finally, this study recommends that further research to be conducted investigating other invitation cards for other events in the Jordanian society such as, invitation cards for attending meetings, lectures, celebrations, royal feasts and tribal reconciliation. 1. Introduction This paper reports on the results of a study which investigates the analysis of wedding invitation cards between Muslims and Christians in the Jordanian society. Also, it explores how the Christian and Muslim wedding invitation cards are structured. Al-Qudah (2001: 1) suggests that sociolinguistics is a relatively new branch of linguistics which deals with topics related to the interaction between society and language. Hymes (1979: 61) states that genres often coincide with speech events, but must be treated as analytically independent of them. Campbell and Jamieson (quoted in Swales 1990: 43) defined a genre as a group of acts unified by a constellation of forms that recurs in each of its members. These forms, in isolation, appear in other discourses. What is distinctive about the acts in a genre is a recurrence of the forms together in constellation. Nunan (1993) insisted that the term genre recently adapted by functional linguists who argue that language exists to fulfill certain functions, and that these functions will determine the overall shape or generic structure of the discourse Do the socio-cultural factors have a significant role in the organization and production of such wedding invitation cards? We have been thinking of this question for ages. The invitation cards have great communication potential(Willer 2001: 16). They represent a means to invite other people to attend the wedding ceremony which is arranged by the families of both the bride and the groom. Brown and Levinson (quoted in Haidarah 2001: 27) provide an insightful account of the various ways in which people can convey messages through invitation cards. The communicative purpose of such invitation is to inform people that a wedding part is going to be held in a specific time and place and to invite or call upon people to participate in this occasion by their presences. A wedding party is a significant event in the Islamic Jordanian society. the party will function as an announcement to the public that X and Y are a husband and wife from now on. A large group of people are invited in order to witness that event. It seems that this field of study is fairly new; it has not been investigated thoroughly. It is also clear that this topic has not been studied in Jordan. Hence, the need for such research in this area to identify the organization and production of such wedding invitation cards. An invitation card is considered one of the most important forms of genre. Scollon (1995) defines genre as a term borrowed from literature to refer to different conventional forms of speech events. For examples, jokes, lectures, sales letters, contracts, evaluation reports, advertising copies and so forth are all different genres found in every day professional communication. By genre we mean any speech event, whether it is spoken or in writing which has fairly predictable sets of speech acts, participants, topics, settings, or other regularly occurring and conventional form. Raheja and Puri (1995: 68) viewed that the wedding invitation card can be organized in a number of formats. However, the following important information must be included: (1) The fact that it is a wedding event; (2) the names of the hosts; (3) the names of the bride and the groom; (4) that data and the year; (5) the time; (6) address of the ceremony. The Jordanian society Jordan is a developing country, just like any other country in the Arab world. It has a rooted history that pushes to become one of the most advanced countries in the region. Socially, the traditional heritage in Jordanian society is that family members, relatives, friend, and neighbors should support each other morally and sometimes substantially in times of adversity and happiness. Friendship between people of the same sex is occasionally expressed by holding hands when walking in the street. Marriage is still common in Jordanian society. When two persons decide to become partners for life, the bond linking them is called marriage, which, ideally, is supported to last for a lifetime. Raheja and Puri (1995: 1) said that marriage is an institution; a union of two people; to love, cherish and obey. Marriage has become part of a tradition. Derived from the Latin word traditio, tradition encompasses to the cumulative social heritage in the form of habits, customs, attitudes and ways of life, which have been transmitted from one generation to the next either through written scripture or word of mouth. The marriage contract, in Jordan, is held between the brides father hand in hand with the bridegroom in the presence of the official judge and witnesses. Guthrie (2001: 15) indicated that the marriage contract included detailed trousseaux inventories and gifts to the bride from her own family, as well as the dowry (mahr), which was for her sole use and benefit. Religious language is repeated after the judge in this event, which is common in all Islam countries. Wedding celebration usually lasts three days and often involves over a hundred guests. Men and women usually celebrate separately in different places. The bridegroom and his family terminate the general celebrations with a big meal in the afternoon for guests, relatives, friends and others The bride celebrates in her parents house mostly together with a great number of female relatives and friends. . 3- Objectives The objective of this study is: 1- To describe the genre of wedding invitation cards within the Jordanian society. 2- To identify the distinctive features that form the structure of the invitation cards in Islam and Christianity. 3- To account for the socio-cultural factors that contribute to the production and organization of such genres. 4- To identify the religious factors that affect the identification of the genre of invitation cards. 4. Methodology. 4. 1. Population The population of this study consisted of all people living in the city of Jerash (males and females). Those people were from two religions Islam (Sunni and Circassian ) and Christianity . This population will help in showing the various forms of invitation cards for attending wedding ceremonies within the Jordanian society with reference to their religions. 4. 2. Sample The sample of this study has been chosen randomly for the questionnaire. The number of people involved for this questionnaire was 13 females and 37 males. Their ages ranged from 22 to 65. Non of them were illiterate, very few had only elementary education, some of them have only secondary education. As for higher education, some of the respondents have Diploma, some have B. A, others had Masters degrees, while few of them have doctoral degrees in different fields. Table (1) shows the distribution of this sample according to religion, sex, and number : Number of females |Number of males |religion | |2 |24 |Sunni |Islam | |5 |3 |Circassian | | |6 |10 |Christianity | |13 |37 |Total | Table (2) shows the distribution of this sample according to their education : Number of females |Number of males |educatio n | |0 |3 |Elementary | |5 |8 |Secondary | |3 |3 |Diploma degree | |4 |18 |Bachelors degree | |1 |3 |Masters degree |0 |2 |Doctoral degree | |13 |37 |Total | 4. 3. Data elicitation The data were elicited through a questionnaire which gives the informants the opportunity to respond frankly without embarrassment. On the first page of the questionnaire there are five questions that elicit demographic information about the subjects, i. e. sex, age, place of living (the city of Jerash) in addition to religion and educational levels. Religion is considered one of the most important variables in this study. The five questions investigate whether age, place of living, sex, educational levels and religion affect the form of the wedding invitation cards. The questionnaire consists of twenty five items investigating the structure and the form of the wedding invitation cards for both muslins and Christians. After careful observation of available invitation cards for attending wedding ceremonies, the researchers have written the twenty five items that were used to collect the data. The questionnaire items consisted of two types (Multiple-Choice and Yes/No questions). The subjects were asked to answer these questions carefully with the assistance of the researchers. 5. Results and discussion. The main focus of this paper was to analyze the invitation cards in Islam and Christianity within the Jordanian society. In order to achieve this objective, the researchers used a questionnaire as a tool to collect dada that would show any potential and significant differences between Muslims and Christians in this regard. The results of this tool will be presented in detail below. The analysis of the questionnaire results showed approximately similar differences between Islam and Christianity. Results of question one which was about the person who offers the invitation card showed that 57. 6% of Muslims wedding invitation cards were offered by the father, 30. 7% of them by the elder brother, 4% by the cousin, and 7. 7% by others, such as the bridegroom himself. As for, Circassians, analysis of results showed that 62. % of them was the father, 25% of them was the elder brother, and 12. 5% of them was the cousin. While Christians, analysis indicated that 75% of them was the father, 18. 7% of them was the elder brother, and 6. 3% of them was others. We have found that the father is the one who always off ers the wedding invitation cards for both Muslims ( Sunni and Circassian ) and Christians (see table 1). Table (1): The person who offers the wedding invitation card. |total |others |cousin |The elder brother |father |Who offered the invitation card? | |100% |7. 7% |4% |30. % |57. 6% |Sunni | |100% |0% |12. 5% |25% |62. 5% |Circassian | |100% |6. 3% |0% |18. 7% |75% |Christian | Question number two which asked about mentioning the name of the bride in the invitation card revealed that 46% of Muslims (Sunni) mentioned the brides name, 50% 0f Muslims (Circassian) also mentioned the brides name, while all of Christians mentioned the name of the bride in the invitation cards. It was found that more than half of Muslims didn’t mention the brides name because of either their social or religious contentments (see table 2). Table (2): Mentioning the brides name. |Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Mentioning | | | |the brides name. | | | | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0% |50% |54% |100% |50% |46% | | With regard of those who did not mention the name of the bride, it was found that 85. % of Muslims (Sunni) used instead of the brides name the word: k? ri:m-? uhu (his wife), 14. 3% of them used the word: ibn-tuhu (his daughter). 75% of Muslims (Circassian) also used the word k? ri:m-? uhu (his wife), the rest used the word: ibn-tuhu (his daughter). Also we have found that some of them used the expression ? aqiqatuhu(his sister). As for Christians, they all mention the brides name. (see table 3). Table (3): The way the brides name is mentioned. |total |others |his brothers daughter |his daughter |his wife |How is the brides name mentioned instead? | |100% |0% |0% |14. 3% |85. % |Sunni | |100% |0% |0% |25% |75% |Circassian | |0% |0% |0% |0% |0% |Christian | Question four which asked about the reasons why the brides name wasn’t mentioned in the invitation card showed that 41. 6% of Muslims (Sunni) didn’t mention the brides name because of Social contentment, 58. 4 % of them was because of Religious contentment. Whereas, 100% of Circassians was because of only social contentment. In case of Christians, there were no reasons for not mentioning the brides name (see table 4). Table (4): The reasons why the brides name wasn’t mentioned in the invitation card. total |others reasons |religious |social contentment |Whatre the reasons for not mentioning the | | | |contentment | |brides name | |100% |0% |58. 4% |41. 6% |Sunni | |100% |0% |0% |100% |Circassian | |0% |0% |0% |0% |Christian | As for question five that was about the one who insists on not mentioning the brides name in the invitation card, findings showed that 14. % of Muslims (Sunni) was the grooms father who insists on not mentioning the brides name, 7. 1% was the brides family, and 78. 6% was the grooms himself. 75%of Muslims (Circassian) was the grooms himself and 25% was only the brides family. In comparison with Muslims, Christians had no reasons for not mentioning the brides name in the invitation card (see table 5). Table (5): The person who insists on not mentioning the brides name in the invitation card. |total |groom himself |brides family |rooms farther |Who insists on not mention ing the brides name? | |100% |78. 6% |7. 1% |14. % |Sunni | |100% |75% |25% |0% |Circassian | |0% |0% |0% |0% |Christian | By analyzing results of question six that was about mentioning the bride and grooms job title in the invitation card, it was found that 30. 7% of Muslims (Sunni) mentioned the job title, while 69. 2% refused to mention it. 50% of Muslims (Circassian) mentioned the job title and the rest didn’t. As for Christians, 43. 7% insisted on mentioning their job titles and 56. 3% didn’t. We have found that the reason behind mentioning the job title is prestigious one (see table 6). Table (6): The person who insists on not mentioning the brides name in the invitation card. Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mentioning the job | | | |title | | |Muslim | Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |56. 3% |50% |69. 2% |43. 7% |50% |30. 7% | | Question seven asked about beginning the invitation card with a verse of the Holly Koran. Analyzing the results showed that 53. 8% of Muslims (Sunni) usually began their invitation cards with the following verse of the Holly Koran: â€Å"wa men ayatehe an khalaqa lakum min anfusikum azwajan litaskunu elaiha waj? ala binakum mawadatan wa rahma ina fii ? aalika la’yaatin liqawmin yatafakaroon† And of his signs is this: he created for you helpmeets from yourselves that ye might find rest in them, and he ordained between you love and mercy. Lo, herein indeed are portents for folk who reflect. While 75% of Muslims (Circassian) used the same verse of Holly Koran. It seems that Muslims (Circassian and Sunni), who didn’t use the verse of the Holly Koran, tend to use a verse of poetry such as: Ya m ar ala? bab ha? ihi d? watii fatafaDalu litu? arikunii bah d? etii Oh, lovely people, this is my invitation come and share me my happiness Table (7 ): Beginning the invitation card with a verse of the Holly Koran. disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Beginning the invitation card| | | |with a verse of the Holly | | | |Koran. | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NA |25% |46. 2% |NA |75% |53. 8% | | Question eight investigated if the invitation card began with a text of the Bible, results of their answers revealed that 100% of Christians used the following common text of the Bible: 1- â€Å"bilmd? di walkaramati kalilhuma† â€Å" marry them with glory and dignity 2- â€Å"ma d? ama? hu allaah la yufariquhu insan† † What God combines can not be separated by humans. 3- wlikai ya? lamu ana ismaka qad ? ukira ? la haa? a albeit al? ii banait To know that your name had been mentioned upon this house you built. 4- myahun ka? era la tastati:? an toTfe? almahaba wasyool la ta? moroha. Much water couldn’t put out love and flood cant overwhelm it. Whereas, Muslims used a verse of the Holly Koran and a verse of poetry. We have found that none of the Christians used a verse of poetry in their invitation cards (see table 8). Table (8): Beginning the invitation card with a text of the Bible. Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | | | | | |Beginning the invitation card with| | | |a text of the Bible. | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0% |NA |NA |100% |NA |NA | | Results of question nine which was about including the invitation card a verse of poetry showed that 7. 7% of Muslims (Sunni) mentioned a verse of poetry, while Muslims (Circassian) was 12. 5%. As for Christians, 6. 2% of them mentioned a verse of poetry such as: Ya m ar ala? bab ha? hi d? watii fatafaDalu litu? arikunii bah d? etii Oh, lovely people, this is my invitation come and share me my happiness Table (9): Including the invitation card a verse of poetry. |Disagree |Agree | | | | |Including the invitation card| | | |a verse of poetry. | | | | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | |Circanssian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |93. 8% |87. 5% |92. 3% |6. 2% |12. 5% |7. 7% | | As for question ten which was about if the invitation card included a statement to the invitees about not accompanying children, the results showed that 27% of Muslims (Sunni) mentioned a statement, while Muslims (Circassian) was 12. 5%. As for Christians, 18. 8% of them mentioned a statement. During our interview with the subjects, we have found that Christianity urges the family to accompany their children to the wedding ceremony (see table 10). Table (10): Including the invitation card a statement to the invitees about not accompanying children. |Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |A statement to the invitees about | | | |not accompanying children. | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |81. 3% |87. 5% |73% |18. 8% |12. 5% |27% | | Analyzing results of question eleven that investigated the statement that is used by those who didn’t like children to come to the wedding ceremony, showed that 57. 1% of Muslims (Sunni) and 100% of Muslims (Circassian) used the following direct statement: â€Å"yurd? a ? adam iSTi ab al? Tfaal† † Please, don’t accompany children. While 14. 2% of them used the following indirect statement which is more polite than previous one: â€Å"d? nat al aTfaal byuutahum† . † Children paradise is their homes In contrast with Muslims, Christians preferred to accompany thei r children to the wedding ceremony (see table 11). Table (11): Statements used by people who didn’t want children to come to the wedding. |total |Pleasant sleeping for|Children paradise is their|Not accompanying children |What is the statement used by people who didn’t| | |your children |homes | |want children to come to the wedding? | |100% |28. 7% |14. 2% |57. % |Sunni | |100% |0% |0% |100% |Circassian | |0% |0% |0% |0% |Christian | As for question twelve which was about if the invitation card contained a statement to the invitees about not shooting with a gun, the results showed that 53. 8% of Muslims (Sunni), 12. 5% of Muslims (Circassian), and 25% of Christians mentioned the following statement: â€Å"yurd? a ? adam iTlaaq al? yaraat alnaaryah† † Please, don’t shoot with a gun. Table (12): A statement to the invitees about not shooting with a gun Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |A statement to the invitees | | | |about not shooting with a gun. | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |75% |87. 5% |46. 2% |25% |12. % |53. 8% | | In regard to question thirteen that was about the price of the invitation card, analysis showed that the price of the invitation card of 57. 6 % of Muslims (Sunni), 62. 5% of Muslims (Circassian), and 50% of Christians were less than one dinnar. Whereas 38. 4% of Muslims (Sunni), 25% of Muslims (Circassian), and 50% of Christians were less than half dinnar. With relation of the rest of the subjects, the price of their invitation card was more than one dinnar (see table 13). Table (13):The price of the subjects invitation cards. |total |More than one dinnar. Less than half dinnar |Less than one dinnar |What was the price of the invitation | | | | | |cards? | |100% |4% |38. 4% |57. 6% |Sunni | |100% |12. 5% |25% |62. 5% |Circassian | |100% |18. 8% |31. 2% |50% |Christian | Findings of question fourteen that was about how the invitation card was formed showed that forming the invitation card of 27 % of Muslims (Sunni), 37. % of Muslims (Circassian), and 25% of Christians were between the brides family and the bridegrooms family. . Whereas 34. 6% of Muslims (Sunni), 50% of Muslims (Circassian), and 68. 7 % of Christians were between the bride and the bridegroom. In contrast, 38. 4% of Muslims (Sunni), 12. 5% of Muslims (Circassi an), and 6. 3 % of Christians invitation cards were formed by the bridegroom himself (see table 14). Table (14): Forming the invitation card. |total |the bridegroom only. |consultation between the |consultation between the brides |How was the invitation card | | | |bride and the bridegroom. family and the bridegrooms family. |formed? | |100% |38. 4% |34. 6% |27% |Sunni | |100% |12. 5% |50% |37. 5% |Circassian | |100% |6. 3% |68. 7% |25% |Christian | Analyzing results of question fifteen that was about Putting the invitation card in an envelope, it was found that 100% Muslims (Sunni), 87. 5% of Muslims (Circassian), and 93. % of Christians have put their invitation cards in an envelope. The rest offered the invitation cards without envelopes. (see table 15). Table (15): Putting the invitation card in an envelope . |Disagree |Agree | | | | |Putting the invitation card in | | | |an envelope. | | |Muslim | Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circ assian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | |0% | | | | | |62% |12. 5% | |93. 8% |87. 5% |100% | | Considering results of question sixteen which was about if the invitation card was written in a language other than Arabic, it was found that most of the invitation card were written in Arabic. Whereas very few of them were written in English (see table 16). Table (16) Writing the invitation card in a language other than Arabic . |Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Writing the invitation card in a | | | |language other than Arabic. | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |93. 8% |100% |100% |6. % |0% |0% | | Analyzing results of question seventeen which was about the way in which the invitation card was sent, it was found that 50% of Muslims (Circassian), and 18. 7% of Christians have sent their invitation cards by mail. As for 100% of Muslims (Sunni), and 50% of Muslims (Circassian), and 75% of Christians have sent their invitation cards by hand. Only 6. 3% of christens have sent their invitation cards by fax (see table 17). Table (17) The way in which the invitation card was sent. |total |by fax |by hand |by mail |How were the invitation cards sent? |100% |0% |100% |0% |Sunni | |100% |0% |50% |50% |Circassian | |100% |6. 3% |75% |18. 7 % |Christian | Considering results of question eighteen which was about if the name of the publishing house was mentioned in the invitation card , it was found that 88. 4% of Muslims (Sunni), 37. 5%of Muslims (Circassian), and 50% of Christians have mentioned the name of the publishing house in the invitation card (see table 18). Table (18) Mentioning the name of the publishing house in the invitation card. . |Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Mentioning the name of the publishing| | | |house in the invitation card. | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |50% |62. 5% |11. 6% |50% |37. 5% |88. % | | As for question nineteen which investigated where the name of the publishing house appears in the invitation card, it was found that the name of the publishing house of 95. 4% of Muslims (Sunni), and 100% of both Muslims (Circassian) and Christians appeared Inside the invitation card, while only 4. 6% of Muslims (Sunni) appeared at Back of the invitation card (see table 19) Table (19): The place where the name of the publishing house appeared. |total |back of the invitation card |inside the invitation card |Where does the name of the publishing house appear? | |100% |4. 6% |95. % |Sunni | |100% |0% |100% |Circass ian | |100% |0% |100% |Christian | Results of question twenty which asked about if the invitation card finished with a statement of wishing happiness to the invitees showed that 80. 7% of Muslims (Sunni), 87. 5%of Muslims (Circassian), and 93. 8 % of Christians have finished their invitation cards with the following statement of wishing happiness to the invitees. Damat alafraa? ?alefat diarikum al? amira May happiness surrounds your inhabited homes Table (20): Finishing the invitation card with a statement of wishing happiness to the invitees Disagree |Agree | | | | |Question | | | |Items | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Finishing the invitation card with a | |6. 2% |12. 5% |19. 3% |93. 8% |87. 5% |80. 7% |statement of wishing happiness to the| | | | | | | |invitees. | Analysis of answers of question twenty one which was about if the invitation card contained the place address of the event in the invitation card revealed that all of the subjects mentioned where the wedding ceremony was held in the invitation card (see table 21). Table (21): Mentioning the place address of the event in the invitation card. Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Mentioning the place address of the | | | |event in the invitation card. | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0% |0% |0% |100% |100% |100% | | In regard to question twenty two which was about if the invitation card contained information about the men party, results showed that 92. 3% of Muslims (Sunni), 100 %of Muslims (Circassian), and 68 % of Christians have mentioned information about the men party. The rest of subjects haven’t. (see table 21). Table (22): Mentioning information about the men party. Disagree |Agree | | | | | | | | |Mentioning information | | | |about the men party. | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |C hristian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |31. 3% |0% |7. 7% |68. 7% |100% |92. 3% | | As for question twenty three which investigated if the invitation card included the time of the event, analysis of results showed that all of the subjects mentioned the time when the wedding ceremony was held (see table 23). Table (23): Mentioning the time of the event in the invitation card. |disagree |agree | | | | | | | | |Mentioning the time of the event in | | | |the invitation card. | |Muslim (34) | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0% |0% |0% |100% |100% |100% | | Analysis of question twenty four which was about the place in which the wedding ceremony was held showed that 65. 3% of Muslims (Sunni) and 87. 5 %of Muslims (Circassian) held their wedding ceremonies in hotels. While, all Christians held it in churches. In contrast, the rest of Muslims(Sunni and Circassian) held the ceremony at their homes (see table 24). Table (24): The place of the wedding ceremony. | | | |Where was the wedding ceremony held? | |total |the bridegrooms house |church |hotel | | |100% |34. 7% |0% |%65. 3 |Sunni | |100% |12. 5% |0% |87. 5% |Circassian | |100% |0% |100% |0% |Christian | Finally, analysis of results of question twenty five, the last question, which was about if the invitation card contained a statement about having lunch, showed that 30. 7% of Muslims (Sunni), 25 %of Muslims (Circassian), and 43. 7% of Christians have mentioned a statement about having lunch in their invitation cards (see table 25). Table (25): Mentioning a statement about having lunch. |disagree |agree | | | | |Question | | |Items | | |Muslim | |Muslim | | |Christian | |Christian | | | | | | | | | | |Circassian |Sunni | |Circassian |Sunni | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mentioning a statement about | |56% |75% |69. 2% |43. 7% |25% |30. 7% |having lunch in the invitation | | | | | | | |card. | 6. Implications This study has shown that the main communicative function of wedding invitation cards is to invite people to attend wedding ceremonies. It has been observed through the analysis of the data that there are socio-cultural factors which affect the organization of invitation cards in the Jordanian society. The role of sex has proved to be an important factor especially in invitations for attending wedding parties. The name of the bride tends not to be mentioned when she belongs to a more socially conservative family. It, thus, substituted by an expression like: k? ri:- m-? uhu (his wife) or the expression ? aqiqatuhu(his sister). This is a tendency of the socially conservative Muslim families who don’t like to announce the names of their daughters or sisters to the public. However, the name of the bride tends to be mentioned when she is well-educated and belongs to a less conservative family. In contrast with Muslim families, all of Christian families tend to mention the name of their daughters in the invitation cards. The findings of this study reported here implied that the well educated people in Islam and Christianity tend to mention their job titles such as Sheikh, Doctor, Engineer†,† Lawyer, etc, in the invitation cards. And such titles are used and printed in large font and bold type to indicate high level of education and high social status. The discussion of the results of this study has shown that religious factors also seem to be of considerable importance. Muslim and Christian societies have its faith in Allah(God) deeply ingrained within its activities. This underlying Islamic and Christian values are reflected in the openings which utilize verses from the Holy Koran or texts from the Bible. for examples, Muslims usually begin their invitation card with the following verse of Koran: â€Å"wa men ayatehe an khalaqa lakum min anfusikum azwajan litaskunu elaiha waj? ala binakum mawadatan wa rahma ina fii ? aalika la’yaatin liqawmin yatafakaroon† And of his signs is this: he created for you helpmeets from yourselves that ye might find rest in them, and he ordained between you love and mercy. Lo, herein indeed are portents for folk who reflect. While Christians begin their invitation card with the following verses of Bible: 1- â€Å"bilmd? di walkaramati kalilhuma† â€Å" marry them with glory and dignity 2- â€Å"ma d? ama? hu allaah la yufariquhu insan† † What God combines can not be separated by humans. 3- wlikai ya? lamu ana ismaka qad ? ukira ? la haa? a albeit al? ii banait To know that your name had been mentioned upon this house you built. In addition, the analysis of the data indicated that the socio-economic status is also communicated in the invitation, and is found to be important in the description of the genre of invitation cards. This is revealed by the use of colorful and perfectly decorated invitation cards which include drawings such as hearts and bunches of flowers. Such invitation cards are expensive, and are meant to communicate other messages than inviting people to attend a wedding party, they tend to convey that the invitor enjoys a high economic status. 7. Conclusion The main focus of this study was analyzing invitation cards of Muslims and Christians for attending wedding parties in the Jordanian society. In order to find out any potential significant differences between wedding invitation cards of Muslims and Christians, a questionnaire as tool of collecting data was used. Data analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the way Muslims and Christians form their wedding invitation cards. The investigation of our data has shown that the communicative purpose of a text is the most important criterion for the identification of such wedding invitation cards. Dealing with various kinds of wedding invitation cards within the Jordanian Islamic and Christian societies, it has been revealed that other social, economic, and religious factors are also of great significance in the description of invitation cards. The results of this study indicated that there were significant differences between wedding invitation cards of Muslims and Christians, for instance, Muslims tend not to mention the name of the bride in the invitation cards, while Christians does. Also, Muslims tend to start their invitation cards with a verse of Koran or a verse of poetry, whereas Christians start them with only a text of Bible. In addition, Muslims tend to hold their wedding ceremonies whether in a hall (hotel) or in the grooms house, while all Christians hold it in a church. Finally, it can be said that form of invitation cards according to this study is systematic and affected by the social status, education, and religion. 8. Recommendations In light of this study and its significance, the following is recommended for future researchers in relation to invitation cards: It may be valuable to carry out research papers investigating other invitation cards for other events in the Jordanian society such as, invitatio n cards for attending meetings, lectures, celebrations, royal feasts and tribal reconciliation. 2- Carrying out research papers about invitation cards is a relatively new topic in the Arab world. Therefore, it is significant for future researchers to deal with this topic in depth. REFERENCES Al-Qudah, M. 2001. Congratulation patterns on happy occasions in Jordan. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Yarmouk university. Haidarah, H. 2001. Congratulation and condolence announcements in Yemeni newspapers. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Yarmouk university. Hymes, D. 1974. Foundations in scociolinguistics: an ethnographic approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Gutherie, S. 2002. Arab women in the middle ages: private lives and public roles. London: Westbourne Grove. Nunan, D. 1993. Introducing discourse analysis. Penguin Group Ltd. Raheji, N. and A. Puri. 1995. How to arrange a wedding. New Delhi: Palus Press. Scollon, R. 1995. intercultural communication: a discourse approach. Blackwell publishing Ltd. Swales, J. 1990. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Willer, L. 2001. warning: Welcome to your world baby, gender message enclosed: an analysis of gender messages in birth congratulation cards. Women and Language 24. 16-24.

Phrenology essays

Phrenology essays Phrenology Phrenology is basically the study of personality through the study of the shape of the skull. The basis of this theory is that the brain conforms to the shape of the head and its contours. This pseudoscience says that because we have isolated where different parts of personality come from we can tell how dominant this trait would be in a persons life by the size of the piece of the brain. We have since proven that this theory is not true. Franz Joseph Gall is considered to be the founder of the direct scientific link between the morphology of the skull and personality traits. Gall was one of the first scientists to consider the brain the home of all mental activities. His main work was called The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular. In this article he put forth five points that phrenology was based on in general. 1. That moral and intellectual faculties and innate. 2. That their exercise or manifestation depends on organization. 3. That the brain is an organ of all the propensities, sentiments, and faculties. 4. The brain is composed of many particular organs as there are different propensities, sentiments, and faculties which differ from one another. 5. That the form of the head or cranium represents the form of the brain, and thus represents the relative development of the brain organs. Gall linked the faculties with precise brain localizations through careful observation and expensive experimental measures. Johann Spurzheims contribution to phrenology was also great. He helped Gall in a study of brain injuries with the phrenology concept Gall had created. He also studied many cases of aphasia following victims cranial injuries in battle. In 1832, he arrived in America, which was at that time desperate for insight into human personality, and started on a lecture circuit that eventually killed him only six months into it....

The Lived Experience of Older Hispanic Women with Chronic Arthritic Research Proposal

The Lived Experience of Older Hispanic Women with Chronic Arthritic Pain - Research Proposal Example The various factors that influence the effectiveness of the treatment or prevention need to be identified and evaluated for providing better care and mechanisms of pain management and preventive measures. The study would look at the lived experience of older Hispanic women with chronic arthritis and help identify the various aspects of health disparity, disability and pain due to chronic arthritis in older Hispanic women who are 65 years and above. 2a. Statement of the problem In the target demographic segment of 65 years and above age group, chronic diseases are quite common. Christ and Diwan (2009) assert that from 2010, when the baby boomers start turning 65 years and above, there would be significant rise in the aged population. CDC (2007) reports that ethnic minority and Hispanic older population would be nearly 39% of 65 and over population by 2050! Hispanic American would increase by 18%. The racial diversity of older population becomes important ingredient of healthcare deliv erables because of the increasing health disparity. It further informs that 54% of women are afflicted with arthritis. With relatively large percentage of population constituting of Hispanic Americans, women, in particular, are more prone to arthritis and other chronic diseases. 2b. Purpose of the study The basic purpose of the study would be to study the lived experience of older Hispanic women with chronic arthritis and find out various aspects of the illness that impact quality of life in the target segment. It would help to address the issue from the wider perspective of socio-economic and cultural paradigm that would help evolve new mechanisms for improving their life. 2c. Significance of the study The study would help the authorities and healthcare industries to address the various external factors that impact the effectiveness of the arthritis treatment in older Hispanic women. It would go a long way in easing the pain of the chronic illness in aged Hispanic women who have be en living with the constant pain and disability caused due to chronic arthritis. 3a. Research question Q1 To what extent ethnicity or culture influence the treatment experience? Q2 Why women are more vulnerable to chronic arthritis than men? Q3 What are the external environmental factors that impact the lived experience of older Hispanic women? Q4 How pain is perceived in chronic diseases across cultures? Q5 Should geriatric care be redefined vis-a-vis pain perception across culture? 3b. Hypothesis Arthritis, especially rheumatoid arthritis is associated with chronically painful syndrome of aching and burning pain of the joints (Merskey and Bogduck, 1994). Constant pain and difficulty in carrying out daily work are the major consequences of arthritis (Melanson and Downe-Wambolt, 2003). The disability becomes a crucial factor that not only impacts the physical condition of the women but also influences her mental and cognitive abilities to live normal life. The socio-economic conditi ons of the people can aggravate or delay the chances of age related diseases, especially arthritis. Indeed, environmental factors like poverty, cultural paradigms, racial health disparity etc. are significant factors that have adverse effect on the health. It is therefore assumed that by identifying the factors that influence its treatment, women

Global Financial Management & Summary Assignment

Global Financial Management & Summary - Assignment Example Increase in the price of oil is one of those major events. Oil is an important and essential raw material for running airline business service. Without it, the company will not be able to provide their airlines services to its domestic and international customers. In the last year 2013, increase in the high oil price also increased the operational costs of this company and as a result, price of flight ticket was comparatively higher than the normal situation and this price was not affordable to all income groups. As a result the company was starting to lose its competitive advantages in the global market. Again this is observed that salaries and bonuses paid to the senior level managers are more than the amount of dividends which the company distributed among its investors. This situation created some unsatisfactory issues among investors. The investors are now not interested for further investing their money in this business and they are moving to the other competitor companies whic h are existing in the same industry. So the company is going to lose its capital for further progress of its business activities. In the year 2014, El Al Airlines Ltd announced that it cannot provide security services to abroad as the Finance Ministry has approved less amount of budget than the required amount for the purpose of security. This will also decrease the amount of revenue in the business if competitors can provide the same facilities to the customers. As this company is doing business across the national borders so fluctuation of exchange rate and currencies in different countries will also affect the financial condition of this business. The recent Euro crisis is one of its examples which affect the activities of this business in a worst way (Madura, 2014). The competition of airline services is increasing in the global market and so many emerging and existing companies are providing more cost effective offers to the customers and through this

OECD Countries and Iran Essay Example for Free

OECD Countries and Iran Essay As internet is gradually maturing and presenting a paradigm shift in its very ideation, the infrastructure has acquired a business character, a transcontinental personality and a vending framework of wide-ranging, business, educational, scientific and personal data. Now the use of internet covers real-time computer conferencing, audio broadcasting, video broadcasting, real time telephony and of course real-time business. Therefore, broadband is one of the finest and reliable means of having internet at affordable prices. Globalization has opened up newer vistas of trade and business all around the globe. With globalization regime coming into effect all over the world, there’s increasing emphasis towards networking and broadband technologies. During 1996-2001 Ireland has shown the highest share of ICT exports while Korea took the lead after 2002. Finland and the Netherlands started making rapid strides in the field of ICT exports during 1996-2003. Japan used to be the leader in innovation, quality and ICT applications, but with the emergence of new actors like Hungary, Mexico, Finland and Sweden on the horizon, Japan’s export market share has come down in the recent past. During the course of this study, it was found that the share of ICT exports in total exports from OECD nations has increased in almost all countries. For example, in South Korea it has more than doubled, while in some countries like United States and United Kingdom and Japan it has decreased to some extent. The results show that in 1996, the major players namely U. S. A, United Kingdom and Japan had 54. 37% of total OECD export but in 2004 this percentage came down to 40. 21%. While the Balassa index of Korea is the highest from 2000 and during selected time period (1996-2004), while the Balassa index of Germany is somewhat less. United state and Japan are surely losing some export market shares with the emergence of new leading nations like Hungary, Finland and Czech Republic. The results show that in 1996, 2003 and 2004 only 9 countries have shown comparative advantage in ICT export products. It is interesting to note that out of these 9 countries, 8 countries have been able to show consistent performance in 1996 as well as in 2003, while Sweden happened to be the leader in 1996 duly replaced by Hungary in 2003 which came out with impressive figures of ICT exports. Figures for 2004 and 1996 indicate that 7 countries are the same while Hungary and Czech Republic join the club in 2004. But the Korean republic, United States, Japan and Mexico have come out with impressive figures and find a place in the all three list. This effectively means that only 5 countries of EU are in the list. As is evident from table 6, there is no country from Central European region in list for the year 1996. But in subsequent years representation from this region has shown some improvement. The list contains one name in 2003 and two countries from Central European region in 2004. It means the role of Central European countries in ICT export goods is on an upward journey and will increase in future as well. The Middle East countries: Lesser ICT export oriented The results show that the ICT export has a positive situation in Israel. Similarly Jordan, Lebanon and Oman appear far better than other countries in the region. But with the exception of Israel, the ICT export has not been able to register much of gain in this region and the entire middle appears slow in picking up the benefits of ICT exports. The RCA index of Israel is more than 5 during 1996-2003. It means ICT exports in Israel have an important position. The RCA index of Jordan is under 1, but it increased during 1996-2003. The RCA indexes of other countries in Middle East are almost near Zero. It means that ICT export in these countries has not found a significant role. The result demonstrates that countries with lower DSL/Cable Ratio have higher broadband penetration (except Iceland). It indicates Countries with higher broadband penetration have significant facilities-based competition between telecom companies offering DSL and cable TV operators and therefore the DSL/Cable ratio in these countries is low. The result also shows negative relation between DSL subscribers and Monthly charge. It means countries with lower Monthly charge have more DSL subscribers. The distribution of countries in the graph is very wide and far from correlation Line. It means correlation is not strong. Similarly, the result shows direct relation between DSL subscribers and Speed of Connection. It shows where the Speed of connection is higher, there are more DSL Subscribers. We’ve used the regression’ coefficient for measuring the correlation between two variables namely ‘Monthly Charge’ and ‘Speed of Connection’ on dependent variable namely ‘DSL subscribers’. The results show that; ? On an average 33% changing of DSL Subscribers is from Monthly Charge and Speed of Connection and rest is from other variables. It says influence of Speed on DSL Subscribers is more than the influence of Monthly Charge on DSL Subscribers. In addition, it says that the Influence of Monthly charge on DSL Subscribers is negative i. e. with decrease in Monthly Charge the number of DSL Subscribers will register an increase. ? The relation between Broadband subscribers and ICT export is very strong in Middle East. It says 98% changing of Broadband Subscribers in Middle East is related to ICT Exports. In general, the result can be considered as relevant for other countries as well, but since there are not many countries with Broadband subscribers, therefore the results cannot be termed as reflective of the internet penetration for all Middle East countries. ? That there isn’t a correlation between DSL subscribers and ICT exports in OECD countries. The result shows only 3% changing of Broadband Subscribers in OECD countries is related to ICT Export. It supports the Idea that there isn’t correlation between DSL subscribers and ICT export. ? That there’s no relationship between GDP and three factors (Internet, Mobile, Fixed telephone). The GDP has not been found to have an influence in the penetration of Internet, Mobile and Fixed telephone in Middle East. ? The relation between Population and Internet users is positive and implies direct association (in Middle East). ? A direct relation between population and Mobile users (Middle East). ? The relation between Population and Fixed telephone users is positive and it implies direct association (Middle East). Conclusion and Policy Recommendation for OECD It is quite apparent that OECD region is rapidly becoming a region with deep penetration of ICT technology. In addition in today’s era of Information Technology the world is increasingly becoming networked, technical, and closer to each other. Over the years IT has led to revolutionizing the way business is conducted, education is imparted, we communicate, we socialize, illness is cured etc. IT has made its mark in almost all spheres of life. Increasing use of DSL/ broadband technology by the citizens in general is therefore an healthy sign. Therefore it is quite encouraging that OECD nations have not only improved their performance in implementing IT initiatives but have also improved the percentage of exports to the outside world. That speaks volumes about the emphasis that these nations have been placing on quality and future readiness of these nations. It is therefore worthwhile to mention here that, for becoming more competitive and success oriented, the OECD nations; i. Must try to see the reasons behind the increasing emphasis of outsourcing towards the Asian region in general and India and China in particular. ii. Implement more such policies encouraging the IT industries. iii. The training and development opportunities in this field must be strengthened because, newer technologies and concepts are emerging faster on the horizon, and the students need to be aware of all such developments to competitively take on the world. Conclusion and Policy Recommendation for Iran Iran is a formidable component of Middle East formation. Though, Iran has been known as a progressive nation amongst Islamic nations, but the extent of IT penetration amongst the citizens in general requires more thinking. The fact that a strong relationship is found to exist between the Broadband subscribers and ICT exports is a pointer towards the readiness of the people in taking up the ICT initiatives. Moreover, Iran in particular needs to put more emphasis in imparting future ready education to its citizens and the students, the budding IT citizens of tomorrow. E-commerce and M-commerce are the trendy application of this IT era. Now a company or business entity has plenty of avenues to reach to the customer. Business on the move is the latest addition. Iran could very well prove to be an attractive market for the multinational enterprises, a cheaper manufacturing hub for the production oriented companies and an upcoming outsourcing destination for the IT companies. So there needs to be more emphasis on strengthening the communication networks, which provides an opportunity for indulging in reliable m-commerce activities, besides imparting quality education to the youth. A number of business establishments and financial institutions the world over have already explored the use of mobile commerce through mobile banking to broaden their reach by letting their customers access their account information and make transactions through their mobile phones. Similarly online trading in debt and equity instruments, mobile brokerage have empowered the common investor and made the share market more transparent and investor friendly. All these revolutionary concepts of Information Technology have the potential of substantially enhancing the work performances, but these gains prove elusive if the user cannot use the technological gadget to its fullest advantage. Therefore Iran needs to be more forthcoming these innovative ideas for a better tomorrow and a formidable place for itself in the Middle East formation.

Essay --

Word Count: 1486 The Differences in Lucy Salyer’s and Cybelle Fox’s Criteria For Citizenship Throughout American history, the United States government created policies that decided who can and cannot come to America to be recognized as a full fledged citizen: an individual who has been recognized as a loyal member of a nation and receives benefits granted by the government. Lucy Salyer, author of Baptism By Fire, and Cybelle Fox, author of Three Worlds of Relief, emphasize that the government based their immigration policy on issues such as race and occupation. Despite their agreement that the United States government played a major role in deciding who can and cannot become full fledged citizens, Salyer and Fox disagree on the main criteria in which they decided which immigrants could have this recognition. Salyer argues that immigrants’ race and service decided whether they should be included or excluded from full citizenship, while Fox asserts that individuals’ occupation determined this matter. As Salyer and Fox both mentioned, the government played a vital role on deciding who can become citizens through legislation, organized groups, and judicial rulings. The government can be defined in this case as legislatures, agencies, and the justice system. Throughout American history, legislatures made laws in which included and excluded newcomers to America. Aristide Zolberg, author of A Nation by Design, emphasizes this by stating, â€Å"nationality involves the delineation of a boundary, denoting simultaneously inclusion and exclusion† (Zolberg,17). A country can tend to be welcoming or unwelcoming to foreigners. In the United States, legislatures have been inclusive and exclusive to foreigners depending on the national interest. Lu... .... 56% of workers were covered, while 67% of them were Europeans and 57% were white. According to Fox, Europeans benefitted the most since majority of them held manufacturing jobs and were more likely to turn sixty-five when it was grandfathered in. Yet, approximately 38% of Mexicans and blacks were covered. This was due to the majority of them being agricultural workers or domestic workers. Therefore, Europeans held occupations that allowed them to meet the criteria for social security benefits, while Mexicans and blacks did not (Fox, 251-253). Salyer and Fox agree that the government played a role in shaping immigration during the 1920s and 1930s. Yet, they disagree with the criteria that the government used to decide who received full-fledged citizenship. This debate still continues today and this nation continues to base a criteria on who to include and exclude.

The Black Man and Langston Hughes

The term identity is defined by Webster’s dictionary as being â€Å"the state or fact of remaining the same one or ones, as under varying aspects or conditions† however in exploring the concept of Identity in black literature, we can find no definite explanation or definition. We can try to accept that it has been rooted in social situations that are generally more discriminatory, such the institution of slavery. In some way shape or form, the average or normal African American is confronted with the question of where do I fit in amongst the white society? The problem with African American Identity has many dimensions, such as community, class, and color. The reality of the African American is one that is inescapable in America. Color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race consciousness. This is extremely significant because an African American establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, that allowing the individual to be included in groups membership, â€Å"the subject of his self identity. After the African Americans began to search for their identity looking through heritage, tradition, and folk traditions. Langston Hughes to me has been nourishing the black sensibility and inspiring it to create Afro American literation and transforming it into a â€Å"literature of struggle. † The poetry of Langston Hughes has the theme of â€Å" I, too sing America† He made extraordinary contributions to American literature and has came t o be regarded as a leading voice in the Renaissance of the arts in the 1920’s. Hughes growing up asked the same question to himself of who he was, his lack of identity in society, which put a large impact on his mind and soul and made him a poet of the blacks. Hughes developed a distinct movement of â€Å"negritude† which may be regarded as the soul of the Renaissance. Rising from the consciousness of his skin color and passing through various stages of identification with people and territory of Africa, and finally grounding it in the American Past. Negritude â€Å"in the poetry of Hughes evolves into a definite and enduring concept expressive of definite vision. He Hughes doesn’t suffer from what W. E. B Dubois terms as a double consciousness. â€Å"Two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals in one dark body. † Search for identity seems to be a vital aspect in the work of Langston Hughes. The identity of an American black citizen was denied to him and there was a loss of identity which a modern man living in the 20th century experiences. The Black people of America are American, the African and Black Americans are at the same time. Africa which is thought to be homeland for blacks, was dealt with by Langston Hughes, who missed the natural beauty of Africa and dreaded being caged in the mayhem of civilization. He searched his roots back in Africa. Primitivism had already become a fascinating alternative for people for people not interested in the 2nd industrial revolution. It gave new meaning of going back to the roots and ones identity. The poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† is an example of the of the urge and need of the Negro to go back to his own land to find ethnic connections. The poet says: I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. In the poems entirety the rivers symbolize the glorious past, which have been flowing since humanities inception. So the African who has known rivers cannot be rootless or without past. Hughes also established a definite identity between the Blacks of America and the continent of Africa which he states in his poem called â€Å"Negro† I am a Negro: Black as the night is black, Black like the depths of my Africa. I've been a slave: I've been a worker: I've been a singer: All the way from Africa to Georgia I carried my sorrow songs. It was not easy to just up and go back to Africa. It became the dreamland for the poet, a country in which he could escape into when he finds life difficult to cope with. The poet to me seemed widely aware of misery, frustration, and isolation which to him is something that other blacks are facing. This epiphany of his leans him to the universal significance and appeal to the poets treatment of black life in America. His retreat into African is not a romantic escape from realities of life, but it provides a point of view to look at the realities of the life of black people in America. To say the blacks were treated horribly by white Americans is an understatement, they were compared to beasts and were treated accordingly. The black man was lynched, maimed and burnt, while the black woman was raped and desecrated. Lynching of the black on the charge of raping a white woman was one of the most commonplace events. Fear to the race and hatred, for the black was a common behavior of the white masses. The treatments to the blacks becomes evident in the following lines of â€Å"I, too sing America† I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Hence the stanza shows that the black worker doesn't find any place in the heart of the whites. He is sent to the background by the company bosses who are indifferent towards the blacks. The African American feels lonely in the northern city where there are large The Negro feels lonesome in the northern city where there are a large number of people, yet he still feels lost in the Poem â€Å"One† he relates his profound sense of isolation Lonely As a bottle of licker On a table All by itself. The whites don’t permit the political freedom to the blacks. Blacks are deprived of their basic necessities of life. They don’t have a proper place to live in. Their miserable condition is shown in the poem â€Å"Vagabond† Who have nowhere To eat. No place to sleep, The tearless Who cannot Weep. In this the blacks are alien on their own land. The blacks want a chance to eek out a decent living and have equal rights across America. Langston Hughes says â€Å"undemocratic doings take place in the shadow of the world’s greatest democracy† The blacks have no right to participate in the political affairs. Langston Hughes poetry is also preoccupied with the social problems faced by the blacks. Man is called a social animal. Blacks are not given the equal place in the society. The poet shows this inequality in the poem â€Å"Merry Go Round† the social whites have no sympathy even for a young black child. He has to sit in a segregated section. Hughes writes: Colored child at carnival: Where is the Jim Crowe section On this merry-go-round, Mister, cause I want to ride? Down South where I come from White and colored Can't sit side by side. Thus the merry go round is a metaphor for America. It is a kind of Satire on the American Society which we know as a free Society. A clear picture of the exploitation of the blacks is presented that cultural, social, and psychological space has been denied to them. Hughes never forgetting the images he has seen growing up, he has grown up shell shocked. He can clearly make out the contradiction of principles, for America was a democracy, but for the Negroes, America was fighting for a free and equal world. One where Jim Crow was eradicated, however he understands that the flame of freedom can not be extinguished by lynching and imprisoning blacks. From all this it become evident that Langston Hughes deals with the racial discrimination, lack of identity in the society and lack of freedom for the blacks. His aim and ultimate effect of his poetry is raising awareness and strengthening of the black people in their struggle for freedom in America. He was proud of his Afro-American legacy and tradition. He forcefully projects the theme of identity in his poems. He not only inspires the black to make it to the top but more than that he evokes a vision of a just society. works sited Georgene Seward, Psychotherapy and Culture Conflict (New York: Ronald Press, 1956), p. 129. Arthur A. Schaumburg's â€Å"The Negro Digs up his Past†, in Alain Locke's The New Negro, pp. 931-37. Jay Saunders Redding, To Make a poet Black (Washington:McGrath, 1969), p. 3. James A. Emanuel, Langston Hughes (New Haven: College and University Press, 1967), pp. 148-162. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: New American Library, 1969), p. 45. Langston Hughes, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 4. Langston Hughes, â€Å"Negro. † Selected Poems (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 8. Langston Hughes, â€Å"I, too, Sing America. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 275. Langston Hughes, â€Å"One. † Selected Poems (New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 92. Langston Hughes, â€Å"Vagabonds. † Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 91. Langston Hughes, â€Å"The Big Sea† The Collected Works of Langston Hughes ( New YorkJoseph Mclauren, 1979) Volume 13 P 165 Langston Hughes, â€Å"Merry-Go-Round. † Selected Poems (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 194.